Thousands of miners in eastern DR Congo toil daily under harsh conditions at the vast Rubaya mine, which supplies a significant portion of the world’s coltan—an essential mineral used in smartphones and other electronic devices.
In a rare visit facilitated by M23 rebels who now control the region, international journalists witnessed the operation of one of Africa’s most strategic mining sites. Coltan ore, extracted from the Masisi Hills of North Kivu, represents about 15% of global supply and half of DR Congo’s domestic production.
More than 10,000 workers were observed engaged in strenuous labor—digging, hauling, washing, and processing the mineral-rich ore. Despite dangerous conditions, including heat, toxic gases, and the risk of tunnel collapses, miners like Peter Osiasi view the job as a lifeline.
“I’ve been able to build a life, marry, and raise children from what I’ve earned here,” said Osiasi, who’s worked in the mine for five years.
Strategic Control, Global Interests
M23 rebels have run the site since April 2024. Though they deny direct involvement in mining operations, they oversee security and management through a civilian mining department. Armed men are reportedly not allowed on-site, and local safety protocols have been implemented to prevent accidents and resolve disputes.
“We’ve brought order and peace here,” said Patrice Musafiri, the mine’s appointed supervisor. “Foreign investors are welcome, but only if they contribute to local development and improve miner wages.”
The site’s value has attracted international attention. The U.S. recently brokered a tentative peace agreement with Rwanda and DR Congo, prompting speculation about American firms gaining access to the region’s mineral wealth—a sector long dominated by Chinese investment.
Former U.S. President Donald Trump, in a recent comment, openly acknowledged American interest in securing mineral rights in Congo. While the M23 was not part of the Washington-brokered peace deal, it continues to maintain effective control over large swaths of North and South Kivu, including major cities like Goma and Bukavu.
Minerals Amid Conflict
Coltan mining has long fueled conflict in eastern Congo, financing both state and non-state armed actors. A UN report in December alleged that the M23 earns substantial income by taxing coltan trade, with portions allegedly funneled to neighboring Rwanda—a claim denied by both parties.
Despite improved security on-site, wages remain low, and basic infrastructure like roads, schools, and healthcare remain scarce. Workers and community leaders are calling for more equitable investment and development.
“Peace and fair pay are what we need most,” said Osiasi, as he resumed work amid the muddy hills.
Parallel mediation efforts, including those led by Qatar, are ongoing, but the situation on the ground remains uncertain. Local communities hope for lasting peace—and a share in the riches beneath their feet.